Background Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a mainstay in the control of pain after
major surgery. The drug most commonly used with PCA is morphine, but its administration …

Background Postoperative pain is a common consequence of surgery and can have many
negative perioperative effects. It has been suggested that the administration of analgesia …

Preoperative administration of pharmacological substances, such as non‐steroidal anti‐
inflammatory drugs or opioids, has been gaining acclaim as a preemptive measure to …

Postoperative pain control in patients undergoing spine surgery remains a challenge for the
anesthesiologist. In addition to incisional pain, these patients experience pain arising from …

Introduction Orthopedic procedures have been associated with increased pain, making
perioperative analgesia a major clinical concern. We assessed the efficacy and safety of …

Background The goal of this study was to develop and validate the overall benefit of
analgesic score (OBAS), which assesses pain intensity and the opioid-related adverse …

Purpose Perioperative pain management plays a critical role in the effort to promote
enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). Pain is also the most concern for patients after …

Objective Lumbar spine disorders have become an increasingly common health problem in
recent years. Modern clinical studies have shown that perioperative analgesia at certain …

This study aimed to review research on the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) on β-endorphin. NSAIDs are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic …

Background This multi-centre, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
study was designed to test the hypotheses that parecoxib improves patients' postoperative …