Bauxite residue (Red mud) is produced in alumina plants by the Bayer process in which Al-
containing minerals are dissolved in hot NaOH. The global residue inventory reached an …

In 2021, global alumina production reached over 135 million tons and discharged
approximately 200 million tons of red mud, leading to severe environmental safety hazards …

A detailed understanding of the complex buffering and neutralization chemistry of bauxite
residue remains the key to improved management, both in terms of reduced environmental …

The red mud accident of October 4, 2010, in Ajka (Hungary) contaminated a vast area with
caustic, saline red mud (pH 12) that contains several toxic trace metals above soil limits. Red …

Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline material generated from the production of alumina in
which bauxite is dissolved in caustic soda. Approximately 4.4 billion tons of bauxite residues …

Red mud can be derived from the processing of bauxite using different methods. The
chemical and mineralogical composition of the combined Bayer Process and bauxite …

Abstract Development of mineral resources and the increasing mining waste emissions
have created a series of environmental and health-related issues. Nowadays, the ecological …

Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7 billion tonnes of bauxite
residue, increasing by~ 120 million tpa. The future management of this residue is of …

Background Revegetation of mine tailings (fine-grained waste material) starts with the
reconstruction of root zones, consisting of a rhizosphere horizon (mostly topsoil and/or …

Bauxite is processed in alumina refineries by the Bayer process in which Al-containing
minerals are dissolved in hot NaOH. The insoluble solids (bauxite processing residue mud …