Highlights•Humans use uncertainty-based algorithms to balance exploration and
exploitation.•Humans utilize structure in the state space to make exploration more …

In this targeted review, we summarize current knowledge on substance-use disorder (SUD)-
related cognitive deficits, the link between these deficits and clinical outcomes, and the …

Psychological models of value-based decision-making describe how subjective values are
formed and mapped to single choices. Recently, additional efforts have been made to …

Controlling behavior to flexibly achieve desired goals depends on the ability to monitor one's
own performance. It is unknown how performance monitoring can be both flexible, to support …

Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our
assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. We agree that willpower is …

The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the
presentation, diagnosis, and impacts of addiction. Eventual recognition and appraisal of …

An organism's survival depends on its ability to learn about its environment and to make
adaptive decisions in the service of achieving the best possible outcomes in that …

In order to discover the most rewarding actions, agents must collect information about their
environment, potentially foregoing reward. The optimal solution to this “explore–exploit” …

Dopamine fundamentally contributes to reinforcement learning, but recent accounts also
suggest a contribution to specific action selection mechanisms and the regulation of …

A well-established notion in cognitive neuroscience proposes that multiple brain systems
contribute to choice behaviour. These include:(1) a model-free system that uses values …