Ion channels on the surface membrane of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells (SANCs) are the
proximal cause of an action potential. Each individual channel type has been thoroughly …

Stem cells represent natural units of embryonic development and tissue regeneration.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, in particular, possess a nearly unlimited self-renewal capacity …

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known.
The discovery of Ca2+ sparks and a related family of elementary Ca2+ signaling events has …

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been established as permanent lines of undifferentiated
pluripotent cells from early mouse embryos. ES cells provide a unique system for the genetic …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a morphologically and functionally diverse organelle
capable of integrating multiple extracellular and internal signals and generating adaptive …

About 50 years ago, pioneering work initiated by Silvio Weidmann and others applied the
Hodgkin-Huxley formalism of membrane excitation to interpret the cardiac electrical activity …

Cell–cell communication, which enables cells to coordinate their activity and is essential for
growth, development and function, is usually ascribed a chemical or electrical origin …

Heart attacks and congestive heart failure remain among the world's most prominent health
challenges despite the many breakthroughs. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells …

Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger regulating diverse
functions in almost all mammalian cell types. It is generated by membrane receptors that …

The sinoatrial node (SAN) maintains a rhythmic heartbeat; therefore, a better understanding
of factors that drive SAN development and function is crucial to generation of potential …