Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

The mammalian NLR gene family was first reported over 20 years ago, although several
genes that were later grouped into the family were already known at that time. Although it is …

Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in
all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) …

While N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification of eukaryotic
messenger RNA (mRNA) involved in various cellular responses, its role in modulating …

Intracellular sensing of stress and danger signals initiates inflammatory innate immune
responses by triggering inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-
binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common orthopedic multifactorial disease
associated with spine-related disorders, such as low back pain. Recent studies have shown …

Macroautophagy/autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, plays an important role in
the regulation of immune inflammation and nervous system homeostasis. However, the …

Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)‐
containing receptors or NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition …

Viral infection triggers host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-
associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns to initiate antiviral …