Abstract» Sex and gender are not the same. Sex is defined by the human genotype and
pertains to biologic differences between males and females. Gender is a fluid concept …

Sport is historically designated by the binary categorization of male and female that conflicts
with modern society. Sport's governing bodies should consider reviewing rules determining …

Incidents of doping in sports are common in news headlines, despite regulatory efforts. How
did doping become a crisis? What does a doping violation actually entail? Who gets …

Doping with anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is common among both male and female
athletes and is a growing public health problem. Review of historical data of systematic state …

Since the 1930s, sports administrators have insisted on various mechanisms to assess
'femaleness' for the purpose of competition in women's sport. Most recently, the criterion has …

This book critically explores the history of gender verification in international sport, to show
how culture, politics, and science come together to produce" femaleness" and …

Policy debates have focused on who can participate in or access single-sex activities or
services. This article describes how science of the biology of sex is relevant to three major …

Background Within the topic of intersex athletes in elite sports, science has become a
decisive factor in decision-and policy-making. However, in the academic literature …

Sport is founded upon a belief in dimorphic sex, dichotomous gender and segregated
competition. To uphold these binaries, sport authorities repeatedly relied upon medico …

For most of humanity's existence, sport meant men's sport. From the ancient Olympics up
through the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, women faced many cultural obstacles to …