This review analyzes a development in biochemistry, enzymology and biotechnology that
originally came as a surprise. Following the establishment of directed evolution of …

Antibodies and other new antibody-like formats have emerged as one of the most rapidly
growing classes of biotherapeutic proteins. Understanding the structural features that drive …

The adaptive immune system arose around 500 million years ago in jawed fish, and, since
then, it has mediated the immune defense against pathogens in all vertebrates. Antibodies …

A new format of therapeutic proteins is bispecific antibodies, in which two different heavy
chains heterodimerize to obtain two different binding sites. Therefore, it is crucial to …

ABSTRACT The Immunoglobulin fold (Ig-fold) is found in proteins from all domains of life
and represents the most populous fold in the human genome, with current estimates ranging …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), belonging to the IgG subclass, are the most progressively
growing biopharmaceutics with successful applications for the remediation of chronic …

Therapeutic antibodies should not only recognize antigens specifically, but also need to be
free from developability issues, such as poor stability. Thus, the mechanistic understanding …