Breast cancer is a serious health problem worldwide, representing the second cause of
death through malignancies among women in developed countries. Population …

Aim Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the most important
causes of death among them. This review aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality …

As a leading behavioral risk factor for numerous health outcomes, smoking is a major
ongoing public health challenge. Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has …

Triple-negative breast cancer accounted for 12% of breast cancers diagnosed in the United
States from 2012 to 2016, with a 5-year survival 8% to 16% lower than hormone receptor …

Background Mortality among current smokers is 2 to 3 times as high as that among persons
who never smoked. Most of this excess mortality is believed to be explained by 21 common …

Background In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly
compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current …

Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke
(SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and …

Studies on active and passive tobacco smoking and breast cancer have found inconsistent
results. A meta-analysis of observational studies on tobacco smoking and breast cancer …

Background The relationship between active cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk
remains controversial because of unresolved issues of confounding and dose response …

Background Plausible biological reasons exist regarding why smoking could affect breast
cancer risk, but epidemiological evidence is inconsistent. Methods We used serial …