The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer.
Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …

Pediatric neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS) are the leading cause of cancer-
related deaths in children. Recent developments in molecular analyses have greatly …

The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly
dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes …

The serine/threonine kinases BRAF and CRAF are critical components of the MAPK
signaling pathway that is activated in many cancer types. In approximately 1% of …

Tumour heterogeneity poses a distinct obstacle to therapeutic intervention. While the
initiation of tumours across various physiological systems is frequently associated with …

The nuclear factor I (NFI) transcription factors play important roles during normal
development and have been associated with developmental abnormalities in humans. All …

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the primary tumors most found in the first two decades of life,
accounting for around 15% of all brain tumors. Research at the molecular level of pilocytic …

RAF family protein kinases signal through the MAPK pathway to orchestrate cellular
proliferation, survival, and transformation. Identifying BRAF alterations in pediatric cancers is …

Aims To investigate the underlying mechanism by which glioblastoma (GBM) cells gain
temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and to clarify novel therapeutic targets and new prognostic …