Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

Examination of cognition has historically been approached from language and introspection.
However, human language–dependent definitions ignore the evolutionary roots of brain …

Neurons require large amounts of energy, but whether they can perform glycolysis or require
glycolysis to maintain energy remains unclear. Using metabolomics, we show that human …

Poor sleep habits are associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In this
review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of sleep manipulation on …

Neural computational power is determined by neuroenergetics, but how and which energy
substrates are allocated to various forms of memory engram is unclear. To solve this …

How have animals managed to maintain metabolically expensive brains given the volatile
and fleeting availability of calories in the natural world? Here we review studies in support of …

The insulin superfamily of peptides is essential for homeostasis as well as neuronal
plasticity, learning, and memory. Here, we show that insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 …

The lateral septum (LS) is implicated as a hub that regulates a variety of affects, such as
reward, feeding, anxiety, fear, sociability, and memory. However, it remains unclear how the …

Insufficient sleep impairs glucose regulation, increasing the risk of diabetes. However, what
it is about the human sleeping brain that regulates blood sugar remains unknown. In an …

How do we recollect specific events that have occurred during continuous ongoing
experience? There is converging evidence from non-human animals that spatially …