Inflammation is an immune response that works as a contained fire that is pre-emptively
sparked as a defensive process during infections or upon any kind of tissue insult, and that …

Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of
cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation …

The disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB) for multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has a
double effect: early on during the onset of the immune attack and later for the CNS self …

Background and Purpose Sphingosine1‐phosphate (S1P) receptors mediate multiple
events including lymphocyte trafficking, cardiac function, and endothelial barrier integrity …

Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), which comprises of two isozymes, SMS1 and SMS2, is the
only enzyme that generates sphingomyelin (SM) by transferring phosphocholine of …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular
system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by …

Sphingolipids are a fascinating class of signaling molecules derived from the membrane
lipid sphingomyelin. They show abundant expression in the brain. Complex sphingolipids …

Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system and are involved in
multiple processes including metabolic homeostasis, blood brain barrier regulation and …

Fingolimod, a structural analog of sphingosine derived from fungal metabolites, is a
functional antagonist of the G-protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors …

Objective Although astrocytes participate in glial scar formation and tissue repair,
dysregulation of the NFκB pathway and of nitric oxide (NO) production in these glia cells …