Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a number of vital functions in all cells, both mitochondrial and
extramitochondrial. In addition to its key role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation …

The aging process includes impairment in mitochondrial function, a reduction in anti-oxidant
activity, and an increase in oxidative stress, marked by an increase in reactive oxygen …

5-Aminovaleric acid betaine (5-AVAB) is a trimethylated compound associated with the gut
microbiota, potentially produced endogenously, and related to the dietary intake of certain …

Significance: Mitochondrial (mt) reticulum network in the cell possesses amazing
ultramorphology of parallel lamellar cristae, formed by the invaginated inner mitochondrial …

Under aerobic conditions, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) converts the
energy released by nutrient oxidation into ATP, the currency of living organisms. The whole …

Abstract Glycine betaine (N, N, N-trimethyl amine) is an osmolyte accumulated in cells that is
key for cell volume and turgor regulation, is the principal methyl donor in the methionine …

Choline is an essential macronutrient involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, cell-membrane
signaling, lipid transport, and methyl-group metabolism. Nevertheless, the vast majority are …

Folate is a dietary micronutrient essential to one-carbon metabolism. The World Health
Organisation recommends folic acid (FA) supplementation pre-conception and in early …

Human choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) is a transmembrane protein located in
mitochondria. CHDH has been shown to be one of the important catalytic enzymes that …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function
and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) are …