Background Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) can vary by type and subtype. Over the
past decade, the test-negative design has emerged as a valid method for estimation of VE …

Concern that a highly pathogenic virus might cause the next influenza pandemic has
spurred recent research into influenza and its complications. Bacterial superinfection in the …

Background Estimates of influenza-associated mortality are important for national and
international decision making on public health priorities. Previous estimates of 250 000–500 …

Pathogen infection causes a stereotyped state of sickness that involves neuronally
orchestrated behavioural and physiological changes,. On infection, immune cells release a …

Background Viral epidemics or pandemics of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) pose a
global threat. Examples are influenza (H1N1) caused by the H1N1pdm09 virus in 2009 …

Background. Age-specific comparisons of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
hospitalization rates can inform prevention efforts, including vaccine development plans …

ContextModifiable behavioral risk factors are leading causes of mortality in the United
States. Quantifying these will provide insight into the effects of recent trends and the …

This report updates the 2009 recommendations by CDC's Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and …

Context Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause substantial morbidity and
mortality. Statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the United States attributable to …

Background Improved influenza vaccines are needed to control seasonal epidemics. This
trial compared the protective efficacy in older adults of a quadrivalent, recombinant influenza …