In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

Patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability either through relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). This study …

During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies …

The 1996 originally established multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes, based solely on clinical
impression and consensus, were revised in 2013 to review potential imaging and biological …

Background and Objectives Neurodegeneration and astrocytic activation are pathologic
hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be quantified by serum …

A number of studies have been conducted with the onset of secondary progressive multiple
sclerosis as an inclusion criterion or an outcome of interest. However, a standardized …

Current multiple sclerosis phenotypic classifications include relapsing-remitting multiple
sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome, radiologically isolated syndrome, primary …

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is the second most common form of
multiple sclerosis (MS). One in two relapse remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients will …

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS),
commonly presents as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), characterized by recurrent episodes …