The mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) are traditionally used to treat bipolar
disorder (BD), a severe mental illness arising from complex interactions between genes and …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a fascinating enzyme with an astoundingly diverse
number of actions in intracellular signaling systems. GSK3β activity is regulated by serine …

The bis-indole indirubin is an active ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan, a traditional
Chinese medicine recipe used in the treatment of chronic diseases such as leukemias. The …

Few things can be considered to be more important to a cell than its threshold for apoptotic
cell death, which can be modulated up or down, but rarely in both directions, by a single …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has recently been linked to mood disorders and
schizophrenia, and the neurotransmitter systems and therapeutic treatments associated with …

Paullones constitute a new family of benzazepinones with promising antitumoral properties.
They were recently described as potent, ATP‐competitive, inhibitors of the cell cycle …

Despite many decades of clinical use, the therapeutic target of lithium remains uncertain. It is
recognized that therapeutic concentrations of lithium, through competition with the similarly …

Lithium has been used clinically to treat bipolar disorder for over half a century, and remains
a fundamental pharmacological therapy for patients with this illness. Although lithium's …

Oxidant injury activates the neuroprotective pathway represented by phosphatidylinositol 3
kinase (PI3K) and Akt. However, the final outcome of oxidant exposure is often associated …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is located predominantly in the cytosol, but also is in
nuclei and mitochondria. In SH-SY5Y cells, primary cortical neurons, and mouse brain, the …