▪ Abstract This review summarizes the clinical history and rationale for xenotransplantation;
recent progress in understanding the physiologic, immunologic, and infectious obstacles to …

In the two and a half years following our initial paper on the humoral theory of
transplantation, many publications have emerged in support of the hypothesis, with no …

Transplantation of renal allografts into recipients with circulating anti‐HLA antibodies results
in hyperacute rejection. In some cases, however, antibodies return without causing harm; …

Humoral immunity, as a cause of damage to blood vessels, poses a major barrier to
successful transplantation of organs. Under some conditions, humoral immunity causes little …

The expression of the non‐classical MHC class I molecule HLA‐G is normally restricted to
the placenta during pregnancy, where it is found on fetal endothelial cells and on invasive …

Significant progress in clinical transplantation has been achieved through the development
of improved immunosuppressive therapy during the past two decades. Transplantation is …

Background. Kidneys harvested from miniature swine or pigs transgenic for human decay-
accelerating factor (hDAF) were transplanted into baboons receiving an anti-CD154 …

Allografts transplanted across HLA‐sensitization results in an antibody‐mediated rejection
known as hyperacute rejection. Depleting anti‐graft antibodies from the recipient by …

Background. The most difficult barrier to organ transplantation is humoral rejection, a
condition initiated by binding of antibodies to blood vessels in the graft. Fortunately, humoral …

Long-term allograft survival in allotransplantation, especially in kidney and heart
transplantation, is mainly limited by the occurrence of antibody-mediated rejection due to …