Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular
conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with functions similar to those
of normal stem cells. Although few in number, they are capable of self-renewal, unlimited …

COVID‐19 is a pandemic disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 that mostly
affects the respiratory system. The consequent inflammation is not able to clear viruses. The …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprise the subpopulation of tumor bulk and acquire resistant to
conventional therapies and are considered as the primary tumor initiator cells. Nowadays …

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are well-known 4-aminoquinoline
antimalarial agents. Scientific evidence also supports the use of CQ and HCQ in the …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with an increased risk of early
recurrence and distant metastasis, as well as the development of therapeutic resistance and …

Initially used as antimalarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and, to a lesser extent,
chloroquine (CQ) are currently being used to treat several diseases. Due to its cost …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to the initiation, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer;
however, there are still no drugs targeting CSCs in clinical application. There are several …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
Altered epigenetics regulation including DNA hypermethylation by DNA methyltransferase 1 …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different biological subtypes, with
differences in terms of incidence, response to diverse treatments, risk of disease …