In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem that is involved in its host's metabolism,
immunity and health. Although interindividual variations in gut microbial composition are …

Patients with COVID-19 are at high risk for thrombotic arterial and venous occlusions. Lung
histopathology often reveals fibrin-based blockages in the small blood vessels of patients …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest non‐traumatic disabling disease to affect young
adults. The incidence of MS is increasing worldwide, together with the socioeconomic …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a worldwide autoimmune disease with high
heritability, shows differences in prevalence, severity and age of onset among different …

There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend
well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Sex and aging influence the human immune system, resulting in disparate responses to
infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. However, the impact of sex and aging on the immune …

Comorbidities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has become an area of increasing
interest in the recent years. A comorbidity is defined as any additional disease that coexists …

Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a prototypical autoimmune disease. The involvement of
B cells in the pathogenesis of pSS has long been suspected on the basis of clinical …