Macrophages are a diverse set of cells present in all body compartments. This diversity is
imprinted by their ontogenetic origin (embryonal versus adult bone marrow–derived cells); …

Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon
reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

LPS is a potent trigger of macrophage-mediated inflammation. However, prolonged
exposure to LPS induces a state of tolerance that reprograms the inflammatory response …

The transcription factor NF-κB has served as a standard for inducible transcription factors for
more than 20 years. The numerous stimuli that activate NF-κB, and the large number of …

The classical pathway of interferon-γ-dependent activation of macrophages by T helper 1
(TH1)-type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with …

The ability to sense and adjust to the environment is crucial to life. For multicellular
organisms, the ability to respond to external changes is essential not only for survival but …

Adaptation is the ability of cells, tissues and organisms to rapidly and reversibly modify their
properties to maximize fitness in a changing environment. The activity of immune-system …

Nuclear localization of the transcriptional activator NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is controlled in
mammalian cells by three isoforms of NF-κB inhibitor protein: IκBα,-β, and-ɛ. Based on …

Histone acetylation regulates activation and repression of multiple inflammatory genes
known to play critical roles in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, proteins responsible …