Sexual dimorphisms account for differences in clinical manifestations or incidence of
infectious or autoimmune diseases and malignancy between females and males. Females …

Sepsis represents the host's systemic inflammatory response to a severe infection. It causes
substantial human morbidity resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths each year …

During sepsis, a complex network of cytokine, immune, and endothelial cell interactions
occur and disturbances in the microcirculation cause organ dysfunction or even failure …

Background Sex differences are important epidemiological factors that impact in the
frequency and severity of infectious diseases. A clear sexual dimorphism in bacterial …

Sepsis is a serious problem among the geriatric population as its incidence and mortality
rates dramatically increase with advanced age. Despite a large number of ongoing clinical …

Ageing is a process that gradually increases the organism's vulnerability to death. It affects
different biological pathways, and the underlying cellular mechanisms are complex. In view …

Aging is characterized by increased oxidative stress, heightened inflammatory response,
accelerated cellular senescence and progressive organ dysfunction. The homeostatic …

Animal experiments are widely used in preclinical medical research with the goal of disease
modeling and exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. In the context of sepsis and …

Preclinical animal studies are mandatory before new treatments can be tested in clinical
trials. However, their use in developing new therapies for sepsis has been controversial …

In this mini-review we provide an overview of sex-and gender-dependent issues in both
clinical and preclinical sepsis. The increasing recognition for the need to account for sex and …