Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

Fiber photometry is a key technique for characterizing brain-behavior relationships in vivo.
Initially, it was primarily used to report calcium dynamics as a proxy for neural activity via …

Capabilities for recording neural activity in behaving mammals have greatly expanded our
understanding of brain function. Some of the most sophisticated approaches use light …

Cognitive abilities, such as volitional attention, operate under top-down, executive frontal
cortical control of hierarchically lower structures. The circuit mechanisms underlying this …

We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context,
terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or …

Optogenetics, a field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by means of light-
activated proteins, has shown tremendous potential in neuroscience. It possesses superior …

Optogenetics promises precise spatiotemporal control of neural processes using light.
However, the spatial extent of illumination within the brain is difficult to control and cannot be …