Microglia are considered to be the resident macrophages of the CNS and main effector of
immune brain function. Due to their essential role in the regulation of neuroinflammatory …

Chronic pain (CP) is a severe clinical entity with devastating physical and emotional
consequences for patients, which can occur in a myriad of diseases. Often, conventional …

The current paradigm is that inflammatory pain passively resolves following the cessation of
inflammation. Yet, in a substantial proportion of patients with inflammatory diseases …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations
have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the …

Background Neuroinflammation and microglia play critical roles in the development of
depression. Cluster of differentiation 200 (CD200) is an anti-inflammatory glycoprotein that …

Exposure to stressors induces anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors, which are mediated,
in part, by neuroinflammatory processes. Recent findings demonstrate that treatment with …

Over the course of an animal's lifespan, there is a protracted breakdown in basic
homeostatic functions. Stressors (both psychological and physiological) can accelerate this …

Exposure to stressors primes the neuroinflammatory and microglial proinflammatory
response to subsequent immune challenges, suggesting that stress might attenuate …

A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with
neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in …

Background: Phyllanthus amarus (PA) is widely studied for its hepatoprotective properties
but has recently received increasing attention due to its diverse anti-inflammatory effects …