The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

During the generation of a successful adaptive immune response, multiple molecular
signals are required. A primary signal is the binding of cognate antigen to an antigen …

Recent success in cancer immunotherapy has reinvigorated the hypothesis that the immune
system can control many if not most cancers, in some cases producing durable responses in …

The members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family play pivotal roles in the regulation of
the immune system. Here we describe a new ligand in this family, designated TWEAK. The …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) plasticity and diversity are both essential hallmarks
of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and the tumor-derived inflammation. TAM exemplify …

CD20 is a nonglycosylated 33 to 37 kD phosphoprotein involved in B-cell signaling that
subserves important functions in the regulation of B-cell proliferation and differentiation. In …

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is generally considered immunosuppressive, with neutropenia and
lymphopenia being common adverse side effects. In this context, we have shown previously …

CD40 is essential in enabling antigen-presenting cells to process and present antigen
effectively to T cells. We demonstrate here that when antibody against CD40 is used to treat …

Abstract Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) mediates many immune activities. Preclinical
studies have shown that activation of CD40 can evoke massive antineoplastic effects in …

Immune T cells can kill cancer cells. Cancer vaccines function by increasing the number of
immune T cells. There are exceedingly strict biologic limits imposed on the immune system …