A dense and diverse microbial community inhabits the gut and many epithelial surfaces.
Referred to as the microbiota, it co-evolved with the host and is beneficial for many host …

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) emerged with Westernisation of dietary
habits worldwide. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic debilitating conditions …

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including
trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous …

Metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are recognized as essential trace
elements. These trace metals play critical roles in development, growth, and metabolism …

Transition metals are required trace elements for all forms of life. Due to their unique
inorganic and redox properties, transition metals serve as cofactors for enzymes and other …

Zinc is an essential cofactor for bacterial metabolism, and many Enterobacteriaceae express
the zinc transporters ZnuABC and ZupT to acquire this metal in the host. However, the …

Transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins that are critical for life, and their
concentration within cells is carefully maintained to avoid both deficiency and toxicity. To …

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile protein export machinery widely distributed in
Gram-negative bacteria. Known to translocate protein substrates to eukaryotic and …

In response to microbial infection, the human host deploys metal-sequestering host-defense
proteins, which reduce nutrient availability and thereby inhibit microbial growth and …

ABSTRACT Manganese (Mn2+) is an essential trace element within organisms spanning
the entire tree of life. In this review, we provide an overview of Mn2+ transport and the …