Bone is a dynamic self-healing organ and a continuous remodeling ensures the restoration
of the bone structure and function over time. However, bone remodeling is not able to repair …

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

The restoration of bone defects caused by osteoporosis remains a challenge for surgeons.
Strontium ranelate has been applied in preventative treatment approaches due to the …

The mammalian skeletal system is densely innervated by both neural and vascular
networks. Peripheral nerves in the skeleton include sensory and sympathetic nerves. The …

Biomedical implants have been widely used in various orthopedic treatments, including total
hip arthroplasty, joint arthrodesis, fracture fixation, non-union, dental repair, etc. The modern …

Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D)
scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth …

Hard tissue repair and regeneration cost hundreds of billions of dollars annually worldwide,
and the need has substantially increased as the population has aged. Hard tissues include …

The morbidity, mortality, and burden of burn victims and patients with severe diabetic
wounds are still high, which leads to an extensively growing demand for novel treatments …

Enabling angiogenesis is critical for the success of tissue repair therapies and the fate of
tissue-engineered constructs. Although many biochemical signaling molecules have been …