Due to the rapid expanding of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), the projectfed demand for lithium-ion batteries …

As a bulk solid waste with high alkalinity, red mud (RM) not only occupies a large amount of
land and requires high maintenance costs, but also unavoidably generates serious hazards …

Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production containing residual
minerals of bauxite ore. Significant metallic values with appreciable concentration make it a …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are vital components of high-tech electrical and electronic
based materials. In the global scenario, the deposits of natural rare earth elements (REEs) …

Highlights•The different methods to utilise and recycle of bulk bauxite residue are reviewed.•
Demonstrated the red mud compositions and its disposal and environmental impact.•The …

Highlights•Rare earth elements are critical to modern life and society.•Very limited recycling
of these critical elements currently takes place.•Advances can be made in recycling of the …

The long-term storage of bauxite residue (red mud) is harmful to the environment and the
tailing ponds also cover large areas. At the moment there is no large-scale utilization of …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are important high-tech materials with widespread industrial
applications and a high risk of supply disruption. Current physico-chemical methods for REE …

Critical metals are significantly important in the preparation of high-tech materials associated
with applications on, eg, renewable energy, sustainable materials engineering and cleaner …

The huge reserves of red mud have a significant potential source of scandium. The
scandium can be recovered from red mud by direct acid leaching but the extraction yields …