Sleep is critical for diverse aspects of brain function in animals ranging from invertebrates to
humans. Powerful genetic tools in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have identified—at …

A fundamental goal of research in neuroscience is to uncover the causal structure of the
brain. This focus on causation makes sense, because causal information can provide …

Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analysing electron
microscopic brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of …

Brains contain networks of interconnected neurons and so knowing the network architecture
is essential for understanding brain function. We therefore mapped the synaptic-resolution …

Continual learning aims to empower artificial intelligence with strong adaptability to the real
world. For this purpose, a desirable solution should properly balance memory stability with …

Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in
deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent …

Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological
and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA …

To understand the brain, molecular details need to be overlaid onto neural wiring diagrams
so that synaptic mode, neuromodulation and critical signaling operations can be considered …

The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations,
yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have …

Nervous systems contain sensory neurons, local neurons, projection neurons, and motor
neurons. To understand how these building blocks form whole circuits, we must distil these …