Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …

The magnitude of the host immune response can be regulated by either stimulatory or
inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Receptor-ligand binding between inhibitory …

In order to fuel their relentless expansion, cancers must expand their vasculature to augment
delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients. The disordered web of irregular vessels that …

Immunotherapy remains to be an appealing treatment option for prostate cancer with some
documented promise. Prostate cancer is traditionally considered as an immunologically …

Natural killer (NK) cells, a unique component of the innate immune system, are inherent
killers of stressed and transformed cells. Based on their potent capacity to kill cancer cells …

The nitrogen mustards are powerful cytotoxic and lymphoablative agents and have been
used for more than 60 years. They are employed in the treatment of cancers, sarcomas, and …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid tumors. The tumor
immune microenvironment (TIME) formed by interactions among cancer cells, immune cells …

Hypoxia/HIF-1α–and extracellular adenosine/A2 adenosine receptor–mediated
immunosuppression protects tissues from collateral damage by antipathogen immune cells …

Purpose: Hypoxia is a common characteristic of many tumor microenvironments, and it has
been shown to promote suppression of antitumor immunity. Despite strong biological …