The C3 enzymes from Clostridium (C.) botulinum (C3bot) and Clostridium limosum (C3lim)
are single chain protein toxins of about 25 kDa that mono-ADP-ribosylate Rho-A,-B, and-C …

Background: Traumatic brain injury manifests itself in various forms, ranging from mild
impairment of consciousness to severe coma and death. Traumatic brain injury remains one …

Inhibiting RhoA-subfamily GTPases by C3 transferase is widely recognized as a prospective
strategy to enhance axonal regeneration. When C3 transferase is administered for treating …

Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme (C3) selectively inactivates RhoA/B/C GTPases by
ADP-ribosylation. Based on this substrate specificity C3 is a well-established tool in cell …

Background and purpose After peripheral nerve lesions, surgical reconstruction facilitates
axonal regeneration and motor reinnervation. However, functional recovery is impaired by …

Modic changes (MCs) and low back pain are highly correlated and an economic burden to
the society. Previous studies have shown that Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) infection can …

Classically, primary sensory neuron cultures obtained from the DRG have been used as a
model to evaluate neurite growth in vitro. Primary sensory neurons are easily cultured, either …

Central nervous system (CNS) damage leads to persistent loss of cognition, sensation, and
motor control, and affecting approximately millions of patients. Retention or regain of …

Organotypic cultures are multicellular in vitro models that preserve both cytoarchitecture and
cell interactions that form the tissue, providing a closer approximation to in vivo models in …

Materials and Methods The PLC filled with fibrin (n= 10) and fibrin gel loaded with 1-μg C3-
C2I and 2-μg C2II (n= 10) were compared to autologous nerve grafts (n= 10) in a 15-mm …