Our understanding of the evolution of DNA restriction and modification systems, the control
of the expression of the structural genes for the enzymes, and the importance of DNA …

Restriction enzymes are well known as reagents widely used by molecular biologists for
genetic manipulation and analysis, but these reagents represent only one class (type II) of a …

Abstract In the early 1950's,'host-controlled variation in bacterial viruses' was reported as a
non-hereditary phenomenon: one cycle of viral growth on certain bacterial hosts affected the …

A nomenclature is described for restriction endonucleases, DNA methyltransferases, homing
endonucleases and related genes and gene products. It provides explicit categories for the …

Restriction–modification (RM) systems are composed of genes that encode a restriction
enzyme and a modification methylase. RM systems sometimes behave as discrete units of …

One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the
toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular …

Like many organisms, bacteria and archaea have both innate and adaptive immune systems
to defend against infection by viruses and other parasites. Innate immunity most commonly …

The genes for over 100 restriction-modification systems have now been cloned, and
approximately one-half have been sequenced. Despite their similar function, they are …

Biotechnical production processes often operate with plasmid‐based expression systems in
well‐established prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts such as Escherichia coli or …

Bacteria commonly endow their DNA with an identity mark. When DNA is transferred from
one bacterium to another strain of the same species, DNA that lacks the identification mark …