Objectives The main aim was to determine the effects of percutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (PENS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on endogenous …

The thermal grill illusion (TGI) is assumed to result from crosstalk between the
thermoreceptive and nociceptive pathways. To elucidate this further, we compared 40 …

To calibrate or not to calibrate? This question is raised by almost everyone designing an
experimental pain study with supra-threshold stimulation. The dilemma is whether to …

Understanding the descending pain modulatory system allows for a neuroscientific
explanation of naturally occurring pain relief. Evidence from basic science and clinical …

Background Offset analgesia (OA) is characterized by a disproportionately large reduction in
pain following a small decrease in noxious stimulation and is based on temporal pain …

A frequently used paradigm to quantify endogenous pain modulation is offset analgesia,
which is defined as a disproportionate large reduction in pain following a small decrease in …

To examine the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) in healthy volunteers using photonic
stimulation of acupuncture points on conditioned pain modulation (CPM), temporal …

Background Offset analgesia (OA) is commonly used to quantify endogenous pain inhibition.
However, the potential role of afferent inputs and the subsequent peripheral factors from …

Cluster Headache (CH) is a primary headache that causes severe pain. Some evidence
suggests that central mechanisms might be involved. The objective of this study was (1) to …

Research on myofascial temporomandibular disorder (mTMD) has often focused on
potential dysfunction in endogenous pain modulation. However, studies on the specific …