Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction,
and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and …

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known.
The discovery of Ca2+ sparks and a related family of elementary Ca2+ signaling events has …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) generate oligodendrocytes, contributing to
myelination and myelin repair. OPCs contact axons and respond to neuronal activity, but …

Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with
one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as …

Diffuse projections of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons and evidence of synchronous spiking
have long been perceived as features of global neuromodulation. Recent studies …

Many believe that engaging in novel and mentally challenging activities promotes brain
health and prevents Alzheimer's disease in later life. However, mental stimulation may also …

Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders, affecting 0.5–1.0%
of the population worldwide. Its pathology, attributed to defects in synaptic transmission …

Although physical activity reduces anxiety in humans, the neural basis for this response is
unclear. Rodent models are essential to understand the mechanisms that underlie the …

We review the evidence of exocytosis from extrasynaptic sites in the soma, dendrites, and
axonal varicosities of central and peripheral neurons of vertebrates and invertebrates, with …