Heterogeneity of the macrophage lineage has long been recognized and, in part, is a result
of the specialization of tissue macrophages in particular microenvironments. Circulating …

OSTEOCLASTS, which are present only in bone, are multinucleated giant cells with the
capacity to resorb mineralized tissues. During the past decade, several new approaches …

The tumour-necrosis-factor-family molecule osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL; also known as
TRANCE, RANKL and ODF) has been identified as a potential osteoclast differentiation …

Bone is remodeled continuously during adulthood through the resorption of old bone by
osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. These two closely …

Osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, develop from hematopoietic precursors of the bone
marrow under the control of factors produced in their microenvironment. The cytokine …

Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells.
However, how their precursor cells diverge from macrophagic lineages is not known. We …

In summary, available data demonstrate that IL-1 and TNF are the causative agents
underlying the bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. Indeed, these factors are …

Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the
skeleton and the body's response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these …

I. Introduction B ONE is a complex tissue in which resorption and formation continue
throughout life. This process is called bone remodeling. Osteotropic hormones such as 1α …

Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health
throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor …