The formalin test for nociception, which is predominantly used with rats and mice, involves
moderate, continuous pain generated by injured tissue. In this way it differs from most …

The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

Tumor innervation is a common phenomenon with unknown mechanism. Here, we
discovered a direct mechanism of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) for promoting de …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a
potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction and has been used to …

Although the cellular mechanisms of pharmacological actions of gabapentin (Neurontin®)
remain incompletely described, several hypotheses have been proposed. It is possible that …

Cation channels in the DEG/ENaC family are proposed to detect cutaneous stimuli in
mammals. We localized one such channel, DRASIC, in several different specialized sensory …

Melittin is a basic 26-amino-acid polypeptide that constitutes 40–60% of dry honeybee (Apis
mellifera) venom. Although much is known about its strong surface activity on lipid …

Evidence is presented which suggests that central neural changes occur during the brief
early phase after subcutaneous formalin injection that are essential for the expression of …

Research on neuroactive drugs is a pharmaceutical sector of high interest and growth. The
discovery of efficient drugs that can relieve pain is a subject of research in the …

Administration of 5% formalin into the rat or guinea pig hind paw evokes two spontaneous
responses: flinching/shaking and licking/biting of the injected paw. The temporal and …