The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent toxins known and a potential
biological threat. At the same time, it is among the most widely used therapeutic proteins …

The striking differences between the clinical symptoms of tetanus and botulism have been
ascribed to the different fate of the parental neurotoxins once internalised in motor neurons …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent that is licensed in neurological
indications, such as dystonia and spasticity. The BoNT family, which is produced in nature …

Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to
receptors that are located in the pre-or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting …

For more than three decades, Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used to treat a variety
of clinical conditions such as spastic or dystonic disorders by inducing a temporary paralysis …

The management of the pain state is of great therapeutic relevance to virtually every medical
specialty. Failure to manage its expression has deleterious consequence to the well-being …

Migraine pain represents sensations arising from the activation of trigeminal afferents, which
innervate the meningeal vasculature and project to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is a metalloprotease that produces a sustained yet
transitory blockade of transmitter release from peripheral nerve terminals. Local delivery of …