The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this
environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems and unique for the entire …

Over three decades of molecular-phylogenetic studies, researchers have compiled an
increasingly robust map of evolutionary diversification showing that the main diversity of life …

Hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses are important branches of inorganic synthesis.
Hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques are not just confined to the syntheses and …

Seabed fluid flow involves the flow of gases and liquids through the seabed. Such fluids
have been found to leak through the seabed into the marine environment in seas and …

Long unknown in the West, The Biosphere established the field of biogeochemistry and is
one of the classic founding documents of what later became known as Gaia theory. It is the …

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years, and an impressive
number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use …

Seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits form in a suite of hydrothermal settings across a
range of depths. Many deposits are of a tonnage and mineral grade comparable to land …

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich
fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological …

Mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater at the ocean floor, combined with slow reaction
kinetics for oxidation/reduction reactions, provides a source of metabolic energy for …

Deep-sea hydrothermal-vent ecosystems have stimulated decades of scientific research and
hold promise of mineral and genetic resources that also serve societal needs. Some …