Pathogen exposure elicits production of high‐affinity antibodies stimulated by T follicular
helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells provide both costimulation and …

The generation of HIV bnAbs may be one of the greatest feats of the human immune system
and our best hope of finally creating an HIV vaccine. The striking amount of somatic …

Despite the enormous effort in the development of effective vaccines against HIV-1, no
vaccine candidate has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies in humans. Thus, generation …

Chronic HIV infection is associated with accumulation of germinal center (GC) T follicular
helper (Tfh) cells in the lymphoid tissue. The GC Tfh cells can be heterogeneous based on …

T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a
delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg …

HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in
resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection …

T follicular helper cells (T FH) are critical for the development and maintenance of germinal
center (GC) and humoral immune responses. During chronic HIV/SIV infection, T FH …

During untreated disease, HIV replication is concentrated within T follicular helper cells (T
FH). Heightened permissiveness, the presence of highly infectious virions on follicular …

T follicular helper CD4 cells (Tfh) are essential for the development and maintenance of
germinal center (GC) reactions, a critical process that promotes the generation of long-lived …

In this review, we describe the most recent findings using animal models of HIV persistence.
We will first describe the important aspects of HIV infection that SIV/SHIV infection of …