The cytoplasm is densely packed with molecules that contribute to its nonideal behavior.
Cytosolic crowding influences chemical reaction rates, intracellular water mobility, and …

Growing evidence has proved that alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to
neurological disorders including stroke. Structural and functional disruption of the blood …

Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life‐long incurable
condition. An empirical “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting …

Introduction Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) often develops following hemorrhagic
events such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) …

The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises
potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, eg KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated …

Mammalian WNK kinases (WNKs) are serine/threonine kinases that contain four members,
WNK1–4. They function to maintain ion homeostasis and regulate blood pressure in …

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the common clinical neurological emergencies.
Its incidence accounts for about 5–9% of cerebral stroke patients. Even surviving patients …

Background Astrogliosis and white matter lesions (WML) are key characteristics of vascular
contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). However, the molecular …

The sodium, potassium, and chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) plays a key role in tightly
regulating ion shuttling across cell membranes. Lately, its aberrant expression and function …

SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a was previously shown to be neuroprotective in murine ischemic stroke
models. In this study, we further examined the efficacy of four ZT-1a derivatives (ZT-1c,-1d …