Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/
alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to …

Dopamine (DA) is one of the major neurotransmitters and participates in a number of
functions such as motor coordination, emotions, memory, reward mechanism …

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of …

A brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) and its role in cardiovascular control and fluid
homeostasis was at first controversial. This was because a circulating kidney-derived renin …

Interstitial pneumonia was the first manifestation to be recognized as caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, in just a few weeks, it …

Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered as a circulating
system that regulates blood pressure, many tissues are now known to have a local RAS …

Background The current effective treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
are limited, and therefore the need to explore new treatment strategies is critical …

While it is now well established that the independent brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS)
has some important central functions besides the vascular ones, the relevance of its main …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the best-studied enzyme-neuropeptide
systems in the brain and can serve as a model for the action of peptides on neuronal …

Currently, there is no effective mean for treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Commonly used AD drugs have a moderate effect and treat only the associated symptoms …