Since the original descriptions of postconcussive pathophysiology, there has been a
significant increase in interest and ongoing research to study the biological underpinnings of …

Spreading depression (SD) is a transient wave of near-complete neuronal and glial
depolarization associated with massive transmembrane ionic and water shifts. It is …

A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is
based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant clinical problem with few therapeutic interventions
successfully translated to the clinic. Increased importance on the progressive, long-term …

Spreading depolarizations (SD) are waves of abrupt, near-complete breakdown of neuronal
transmembrane ion gradients, are the largest possible pathophysiologic disruption of viable …

The term spreading depolarization describes a wave in the gray matter of the central
nervous system characterized by swelling of neurons, distortion of dendritic spines, a large …

Severe traumatic brain injury remains a major health-care problem worldwide. Although
major progress has been made in understanding of the pathophysiology of this injury, this …

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) and depolarization waves are associated with
dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells …

Punctuated episodes of spreading depolarizations erupt in the brain, encumbering tissue
structure and function, and raising fascinating unanswered questions concerning their …

The term spreading depolarization (SD) refers to waves of abrupt, sustained mass
depolarization in gray matter of the CNS. SD, which spreads from neuron to neuron in …