Deterrence by punishment aims to prevent a crime; however, it is not always successful.
Restrictive deterrence explains the continuous criminal activities that occur despite …

Using a framework of certainty reduction–severity mitigation, the paper examines how drug
dealers in Hong Kong adopted restrictive deterrence strategies to reduce the certainty, and …

Drug traffickers perform many crime strategies to avoid legal sanctions. The use of any crime
strategy is mainly for reducing the risk of arrest, which has been the focus of research on …

Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan eri ikäisten vankien ja rikostaustaisten henkilöiden tuen
tarvetta etenkin Turun seudulla. Tavoitteena oli tutkia myös sitä, miten ikä vaikuttaa …

Illegal drug trafficking and retail drug sales constitute the most common activity of organised
crime groups in the UK and draw the largest share of resources from the police and prison …

Illicit drug markets have long been associated with violence as a mode of regulating market
behavior, especially regarding debts linked to drug purchase. While a growing literature …