As an essential micronutrient, copper is required for a wide range of physiological processes
in virtually all cell types. Because the accumulation of intracellular copper can induce …

In total, twenty elements appear to be essential for the correct functioning of the human
body, half of which are metals and half are non-metals. Among those metals that are …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for maintaining brain homeostasis by enabling an
exquisite control of exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain parenchyma …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease caused by degeneration of
motor neurons. As with all major neurodegenerative disorders, development of disease …

Antisense technology is now beginning to deliver on its promise to treat diseases by
targeting RNA. Nine single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs representing …

Glutamate is the most commonly engaged neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system, acting to mediate excitatory neurotransmission. However, high levels of …

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet
regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone …

Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting
either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural and dynamic …

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in
single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial …