Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, in which tumor tissues from patients are implanted
into immunocompromised or humanized mice, have shown superiority in recapitulating the …

Animal models refers to the animal experimental objects and related materials that can
simulate human body established in medical research. As the second-largest disease in …

Lung cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death
worldwide. However, mechanisms of its progression remained unclear and new treatments …

It has been intensively reported that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME)
results in tumor resistance to immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade and …

Background Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is incurable, with a 5-year survival rate of 28%.
In the USA, more than 42,000 patients die from MBC every year. The most common type of …

Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite the advances in screening and surveillance, remains the
second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The biological inadequacy of pre …

Background Preclinical evaluation of drugs targeting the human immune system has posed
challenges for oncology researchers. Since the commercial introduction of humanized mice …

Simple Summary Immune checkpoint blockade has provided durable clinical responses in a
number of human malignancies, but not in patients with pancreatic cancer. Efforts to …

Background Well-characterized preclinical models are essential for immune-oncology
research. We investigated the feasibility of our humanized mouse model for evaluating the …

The broad activity of agents blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand (the
PD-(L) 1 axis) revolutionized oncology, offering long-term benefit to patients and even …