X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide femtosecond X-ray pulses suitable for pump–
probe time-resolved studies with a femtosecond time resolution. Since the advent of the first …

Macromolecular crystallography was immensely successful in the last two decades. To a
large degree this success resulted from use of powerful third generation synchrotron x-ray …

Stroboscopic visualization of nuclear or electron dynamics in atoms, molecules or solids
requires ultrafast pump and probe pulses and a close to perfect synchronization between …

Ultrafast motion of molecules, particularly the coherent motion, has been intensively
investigated as a key factor guiding the reaction pathways. Recently, X-ray free-electron …

Ligand substitution reactions are common in solvated transition metal complexes, and
harnessing them through initiation with light promises interesting practical applications …

Understanding protein structure and kinetics under physiological conditions is crucial for
elucidating complex biological processes. While time-resolved (TR) techniques have …

“Protein quake” denotes the dissipation of excess energy across a protein, in response to a
local perturbation such as the breaking of a chemical bond or the absorption of a photon …

A salt bridge, one of the representative structural factors established by non-covalent
interactions, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the structure and regulating the protein …

The structure of a protein is closely related to its biological function. In this regard, structural
changes, as well as static structures, have been scrutinized as essential elements in …

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction provides direct information on three-dimensional structures
of reacting molecules and thus can be used to elucidate structural dynamics of chemical and …