As human recreation in natural areas increases, so does the potential for disturbance to
wildlife, and many factors (environmental, disturbance type, experience with humans) …

Outdoor recreation is increasing in intensity and space. Areas previously inaccessible are
now being visited by ever‐growing numbers of people, which increases human–wildlife …

Response delays to predator attack may be adaptive, suggesting that latency to respond
does not always reflect predator detection time, but can be a decision based on starvation …

There is no proverbial silver bullet for mitigating human–wildlife conflict, but the study of
animal behaviour is foundational to solving issues of coexistence between people and wild …

We investigated the activity patterns of a European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
population living in a forested Apennine area in central Italy, in order to shed light on the …

Well-understood subjects should lead to the development of general hypotheses, rules, and
ultimately, laws. Unlike the fields of physics, which has many laws (eg, gravity …

Large mammalian herbivores use a diverse array of strategies to survive predator
encounters including flight, grouping, vigilance, warning signals, and fitness indicators …

Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which an organism begins to flee an
approaching threat, is an important component of antipredator behavior and a potential …

Risk effects, or the costs of antipredator behavior, can comprise a large proportion of the
total effect of predators on their prey. While empirical studies are accumulating to …

Urbanization of animal habitats has the potential to affect the natural communication
systems of any species able to survive in the changed environment. Urban animals such as …