Salivary cortisol measures are increasingly being incorporated into large-scale, population-
based, or epidemiological research, in which participants are selected to be representative …

The magnitude of the cortisol awakening response, a relatively new indicator of
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis activation, has been related to a number …

Afferent neural signals are continuously transmitted from visceral organs to the brain.
Interoception refers to the processing of visceral-afferent neural signals by the central …

Stress is one of the most significant health problems in modern societies and the 21st
century. This explains a pressing need for investigations into the biological pathways linking …

Levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol increase dramatically in the first 30–40min
after waking, an effect known as the cortisol awakening response (CAR). There is …

The weight of current evidence supports the presence of the following factors related to
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in patients with chronic fatigue …

Context Childhood trauma appears to be a potent risk factor for chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS). Evidence from developmental neuroscience suggests that early experience …

The impact of stress on health and disease is an important research topic in psychosomatic
medicine. Because research on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation under …

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the most investigated
biological risk marker in functional somatic disorders (FSDs), such as chronic fatigue …

Context: The association of short sleep duration with cortisol secretion has not been
thoroughly examined in large community dwelling populations and the relative importance …