Background: Children must be recognized as a sensitive population based on having
biological systems and organs in various stages of development. The processes of …

Investigating a single environmental exposure in isolation does not reflect the actual human
exposure circumstance nor does it capture the multifactorial etiology of health and disease …

Restrictions on the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products led to its replacement by
various bisphenol (BP) analogues, yet young children's exposure to these analogues has …

Contaminated water and food are the main sources of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the
human body. Long-term and low-level ingestion of these toxic heavy metals may affect brain …

Exposure to environmental stressors during susceptible windows of development can result
in negative health outcomes later in life, a concept known as the Developmental Origins of …

The safety assessments for chemicals targeted for use or expected to be exposed to specific
life stages, including infancy, childhood, pregnancy and lactation, and geriatrics, need to …

Background: High oral exposure and biological vulnerabilities may put formula-fed infants at
risk for manganese-induced neurotoxicity. Objectives: We sought to characterize …

Mental disorders among children and adolescents pose a significant global challenge. The
exposome framework covering the totality of internal, social and physical exposures over a …

Page 1 Harmonization Project Document No. 8 WHO Human Health Risk Assessment Toolkit
CHEMICAL HAZARDS Second Edition 1 Page 2 Page 3 Harmonization Project Document No …

Background The impact of prenatal exposure to cadmium (Cd) on birth outcomes is an area
of concern. This study aimed to assess an impact of prenatal Cd exposure on birth outcomes …