Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders
caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored …

The definition and classification of ventricular septal defects have been fraught with
controversy. The International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart …

Dr. Joseph Perloff is joined by Dr. Ariane Marelli to bring you a new edition of Clinical
Recognition of Congenital Heart Disease. This medical reference book covers the full …

Substantial progress has been made in the standardization of nomenclature for paediatric
and congenital cardiac care. In 1936, Maude Abbott published her Atlas of Congenital …

BACKGROUND Motile cilia dysfunction causes primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), situs
inversus totalis (SI), and a spectrum of laterality defects, yet the prevalence of laterality …

Cilia function is critical to the development of proper organ laterality. Primary ciliary
dyskinesia (PCD) causes randomization of situs. Heterotaxy, or situs ambiguus, is an …

The heart is a remarkably complex organ. Teaching its details to medical students and
clinical trainees can be very difficult. Despite the complexity, accurate recognition of these …

Extensive studies have shown how bilateral symmetry of the vertebrate embryo is broken
during early development, resulting in a molecular left-right bias in the mesoderm. However …

sary to understand the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of determination of
the left-right body axis during early embryogenesis. 8–12 This process initiates in the …

Heterotaxy is defined as an abnormality where the internal thoraco-abdominal organs
demonstrate abnormal arrangement across the left-right axis of the body. This broad term …