Psychostimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate, are first-line
pharmacotherapies for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects
approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD …

The involvement of dopamine in drug reinforcement is well recognized but its role in drug
addiction is much less clear. Imaging studies have shown that the reinforcing effects of drugs …

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have provided variable information on the frequency and
context of diversion and the use of nonprescribed and prescribed stimulant medications in …

Abstract Multiple theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD) have been
proposed, but one that has stood the test of time is the dopamine deficit theory. We review …

Context Modafinil, a wake-promoting drug used to treat narcolepsy, is increasingly being
used as a cognitive enhancer. Although initially launched as distinct from stimulants that …

BACKGROUND: Low doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH), are
widely used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Surprisingly …

The value of rewards (natural rewards and drugs) is associated with dopamine increases in
the nucleus accumbens and varies as a function of context. The prefrontal cortex has been …

Despite substantial investments by government, philanthropic, and commercial sources over
the past several decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains an unmet medical need and a …

Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological
gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is …