Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in
particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is …

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major concerns for agriculture and health. Accumulation of
toxic heavy metals at high concentrations in edible parts of crop plants is the primary cause …

Transition metals are involved in essential biological processes in plants since they are
cofactors of metalloproteins and also act as regulator elements. Particularly, plant …

Metal transporters are a central component in the interaction of algae with their environment.
They represent the first line of defense to cellular perturbations in metal concentration, and …

Fatty acid synthesis in plants occurs in plastids, and thus, export for subsequent acyl editing
and lipid assembly in the cytosol and endoplasmatic reticulum is required. Yet, the transport …

Plants need many different metal elements for growth, development and reproduction, which
must be mobilized from the soil matrix and absorbed by the roots as metal ions. Once taken …

Plants require sunlight, water, CO 2, and essential nutrients to drive photosynthesis and
fulfill their life cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus resides in chloroplasts and fundamentally …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

Iron is essential for plant cell function and more specifically for photosynthesis. Plants have
evolved highly efficient systems to take up iron from the soil. However, activating iron uptake …

Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are essential micronutrient mineral
elements for living organisms, as they regulate essential cellular processes, such as …